PARASITOSIS INTESTINALES EN CANINOS DE REFUGIOS: EVIDENCIA EPIDEMIOLÓGICA Y PERSPECTIVAS DE CONTROL SANITARIO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56519/8rgjya87Palabras clave:
Parasitosis intestinal, refugios caninos, zoonosis, salud pública, bienestar animal, epidemiología, Intestinal parasitosis, dog shelters, public health, animal welfare, epidemiologyResumen
Las parasitosis intestinales en caninos de refugio representan un problema de relevancia biológica, social y sanitaria debido a las condiciones de hacinamiento, deficiencia en infraestructura y ausencia de programas sistemáticos de control veterinario; estas infecciones, causadas principalmente por helmintos y protozoarios como Ancylostoma spp, Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpis y Giardia spp., comprometen no solo el bienestar y la salud de los animales, sino que también constituyen un riesgo zoonótico que impacta en la salud pública. El siguiente artículo se propuso revisar la evidencia científica existente sobre la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en los perros de refugio, determinar factores de riesgo asociados con ello, así como analizar las implicaciones epidemiológicas y sociales de este problema. Se llevó a cabo un estudio documental siguiendo un diseño descriptivo y analítico de revisión bibliográfica, sistematizando artículos de la producción científica publicados en bases de datos internacionales entre los años 2021 y 2025. Los resultados muestran prevalencias que oscilan entre el 25% y el 80%, con cifras más elevadas en América Latina, Asia y África, en contraste con Norteamérica y Europa, donde los valores son menores gracias a protocolos de diagnóstico y control más robusto. Entre los parásitos que se reportaron con mayor frecuencia destacan Ancylostoma spp. y Toxocara canis, además de la presencia de Giardia spp., relevante por su potencial de transmisión interespecífica. Los principales factores asociados a la persistencia de las infecciones fueron la edad, el estado nutricional, las condiciones ambientales y la falta de acceso a atención veterinaria. Se concluye que la carencia de información sistemática en países andinos como Ecuador limita el diseño de políticas públicas eficaces. Por ello, se recomienda fomentar investigaciones longitudinales y multicéntricas que aporten datos sólidos sobre prevalencia, factores de riesgo y efectividad de intervenciones, integrando el enfoque “One Health” y garantizando el bienestar animal en refugios.
ABSTRACT
Intestinal parasitosis in shelter dogs represents a significant biological, social, and public health problem due to overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, and the absence of systematic veterinary control programs. These infections, primarily caused by helminths and protozoa such as Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpis, and Giardia spp., compromise not only the animals' well-being and health but also constitute a zoonotic risk that impacts public health. This article aimed to review the available scientific evidence on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in shelter dogs, identify associated risk factors, and analyze the epidemiological and social implications of the problem. A documentary study was conducted using a descriptive and analytical literature review design, systematizing articles published in international databases between 2021 and 2025. The results show prevalence rates ranging from 25% to 80%, with higher figures in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, in contrast to North America and Europe, where rates are lower due to more robust diagnostic and control protocols. Among the most frequently reported parasites were Ancylostoma spp. and Toxocara canis, in addition to the presence of Giardia spp., which is relevant due to its potential for interspecific transmission. The main factors associated with the persistence of infections were age, nutritional status, environmental conditions, and lack of access to veterinary care. It is concluded that the lack of systematic information in Andean countries like Ecuador limits the design of effective public policies. Therefore, it is recommended to promote longitudinal and multicenter research that provides solid data on prevalence, risk factors and effectiveness of interventions, integrating the One Health approach and ensuring animal welfare in shelters.
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