considerables en entornos costeros del sur brasileño, donde se encuentran los sambaquis,
por ejemplo. La microarqueobotánica, al mismo tiempo, facilita la reconstrucción de
paleoambientes y las diversas prácticas involucradas en el manejo de vegetales, la
micromorfología del suelo permite reconocer actividades humanas, los complicados
procesos de ocupación, junto a transformaciones postdeposicionales mediante el
minucioso análisis microscópico de los sedimentos. En definitiva, se establece que la
integración de estos diversos métodos metodológicos impulsa notablemente los estudios
arqueológicos regionales, sobre todo en investigaciones de cazadores-recolectores,
tecnologías líticas, así como, paisajes culturales. Lo anterior, consolida a la
microarqueología como un enfoque absolutamente esencial para la generación de
interpretaciones más certeras, contextualizadas, y por supuesto, multiescalares del
pasado.
Palabras clave: Microarqueología, métodos arqueológicos, análisis microscópico,
paleoambientes, registro arqueológico
ABSTRACT: Microarchaeology now emerges at the center of the scene in contemporary
archaeology to enable an innovative articulation between microscopic and macroscopic
scales to study sites, landscapes and archaeological contexts. This approach significantly
expands the understanding of the archaeological record. The approach incorporates tests
that go unnoticed by the eye, including molecular, botanical and sedimentary traces.
These data are fundamental when it comes to unraveling daily customs, environmental
phenomena, and sociocultural interactions of the past. In terms of methodology, this
manuscript is developed through a systematic bibliographic review that allows comparing
different contexts, issues and Latin American and Anglo-American case studies,
deepening the discussion in four key areas of microarchaeology: molecular analysis,
stable isotope studies, microbotany and the micromorphology of seeds. Examining
ancient DNA, models of the early population of America are critically questioned, valuing
both their interpretative potential and the limitations inherent to taphonomic processes,
particularly in tropical environments. The isotopic analysis, in itself, enables the intricate
reconstruction of dietary patterns, movement over time, and up to seasonality, providing
considerable results in coastal areas of the Brazilian countryside, where sambaquis are
found, for example. The microarqueobotánica, at the same time, facilitates the
reconstruction of paleoenvironments and the diverse practices involved in the
management of vegetation, the micromorphology of soil allows the recognition of human
activities, the complicated processes of occupation, together with postdepositional
transformations through the detailed microscopic analysis of sediments. Ultimately, it is
established that the integration of these diverse methodological methods notably drives
regional archaeological studies, especially in investigations of hunter-gatherers, lithic
technologies, as well as cultural landscapes. The previous one, consolidates
microarchaeology as an absolutely essential approach for the generation of more certain,
contextualized, and, of course, multiscalar interpretations of the past.