
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56519/4r3rbq77
Vol. 3, No. 6, PP.103-119
Palabras clave: Trazabilidad de alimentos, blockchain, internet de las cosas (IoT), cadenas
agroindustriales
ABSTRACT:
Food security and consumer trust are key to international trade, but traditional
supply chains present vulnerabilities. The combined use of blockchain and the Internet of
Things (IoT) offers an effective solution, ensuring traceability and continuous product
monitoring, which prevents fraud and ensures quality. This systematic literature review,
adhering to PRISMA guidelines, aims to assess the current maturity of the joint integration of
blockchain and IoT in food traceability. Through systematic searches in Scopus and Web of
Science, 65 relevant studies were identified, of which 30 were selected for detailed
examination. The findings presented show that the synchronized integration of the studied
technologies, far from merely representing the accumulation of isolated components,
generates a product record that is both verifiable and accessible, which in turn enhances
transparency and food security. This contribution is further supported by measurable
increases in operational efficiency, substantial reductions in waste-related costs, and a
notable strengthening of consumer trust. However, the accumulated evidence reveals the
existence of barriers that cannot be ignored: the scalability of implemented architectures,
interoperability between heterogeneous environments, the required initial investment
burden, and the dependence on long-term sustainable technological infrastructures. Based on
this, it is argued that smart food traceability, supported by distributed ledger technologies
and the Internet of Things, represents an unavoidable advance for modern supply chain
management, while helping to limit fraud, strengthen food security, and contribute to the
achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.
Keywords: Food traceability, blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), agro-industrial chains
INTRODUCCIÓN
La seguridad y la calidad alimentaria representan retos duraderos en un contexto global
interconectado. Las cadenas de suministro agroindustriales contemporáneas, que unen a
productores de distintas latitudes con consumidores dispersos en el planeta, muestran una
complejidad inherente y, con frecuencia, escasa transparencia (1), (2). Dicha falta de claridad
alimenta el fraude, la contaminación y la propagación de enfermedades transmitidas por
alimentos, infraestructuras que comprometen la salud pública, generan enormes pérdidas
monetarias y socavan la confianza de los consumidores en el mercado (3), (4).
La trazabilidad cuyo significado se consigna en la norma ISO 22005:2007 como la habilidad de
seguir el recorrido de un alimento a lo largo de todas las etapas de la cadena se rige como la
estrategia esencial para contener tales peligros. No obstante, los esquemas de trazabilidad
vigentes, que se apoyan en registros manuales o en bases de datos centralizadas, adolecen de
lentitud y son susceptibles de manipulación(5), (6). El recorrido para identificar el foco de un
brote de contaminación puede prolongarse por semanas, un retraso que complica la gestión de
la crisis y limita las posibilidades de una respuesta oportuna (7).